![]() Wind components and humidity were measured up to 25 Hz (1.3-m horizontal resolution) and temperature up to 5 Hz (6.6-m horizontal resolution) ( Reineman et al. The Boeing ScanEagle is capable of ship based launch and recovery and weighs 22 kg. Manta is a runway takeoff and landing UAV of 27.7 kg able to measure radiative as well as latent and sensible heat fluxes in terrestrial and marine atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) ( Reineman et al. In this category, Application of Light-weight Aircraft for Detecting In situ Aerosol (ALADINA) UAV (25 kg and 3.6-m wing span) developed to measure atmospheric particles, solar radiation, wind components up to a frequency of around 7 Hz, and temperature up to 25 Hz may be mentioned ( Bärfuss et al. UAVs weighing between 10 and 30 kg represent the first category they are characterized by a high endurance (between 4 and 40 h) and high payload capacity but they are very expensive and often difficult to operate. (2015) classified fixed-wing UAVs according to three main categories, depending on their weight, endurance, and payload capacities. UAVs can nowadays also embark sophisticated systems taking advantage of the miniaturization of electronic devices.Įlston et al. It can cover a wide space range and areas that are unreachable with instrumented piloted airplanes, radiosondes, and masts/towers. The flying part of an RPAS is known as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Over the past few decades, the development of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) has played a crucial role in atmospheric observations, allowing researchers to measure atmosphere parameters such as wind vectors, temperature, and humidity, with high accuracy and resolution. Promising first observations of turbulence up to frequencies around 10 Hz and corresponding to a spatial resolution to the order of 3 m are hereby presented. With appropriate flight patterns, the reliability of the mean wind estimates, through self-consistency and comparison with observations performed at 60 m on an instrumented tower could be assessed. The optimal airspeed at which the vibrations are significantly reduced to an acceptable level was defined from qualification flights. The remaining instruments are a Pitot tube for static and dynamic pressure measurement and temperature/humidity sensors in dedicated housings. This probe was calibrated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel tests. The instrumental payload was designed in order to measure every parameter required for the computation of the three wind components, at a rate of 100 s −1, which is fast enough to capture turbulence fluctuations: a GPS–inertial measurement unit (IMU) platform measures the three components of the groundspeed a well as the attitude angles the airplane nose has been replaced by a five-hole probe in order to measure the angles of attack and sideslip, according to the so-called radome technique. With a light payload and optimal weather conditions, it has a flight endurance of 9 h. BOREAL is a fixed-wing UAV built by BOREAL company, which weighs up to 25 kg (5 kg of payload) and has a wingspan of 4.2 m. ![]() An instrumentation package for wind and turbulence observations in the atmospheric boundary layer on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) called BOREAL has been developed. ![]()
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